Bridging the LLM Accessibility Divide? Performance, Fairness, and Cost of Closed versus Open LLMs for Automated Essay Scoring

Kezia Oketch, John P. Lalor, Yi Yang +1

Closed large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 have set state-of-the-art results across a number of NLP tasks and have become central to NLP and machine learning (ML)-driven sol…