Stronger Constraints on Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter Derived from the Thermal Evolution of the Intergalactic Medium over the Last Twelve Billion Years

Nabendu Kumar Khan, Anupam Ray, Girish Kulkarni +1

Primordial black holes (PBHs) have been explored as potential dark matter candidates, with various astrophysical observations placing upper limits on the fraction $f_{\mathrm{PBH}}$…