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math.OC2026

Biquadratic SOS Rank and Augmented Zarankiewicz Number

Liqun Qi, Chunfeng Cui, Yi Xu

This paper introduces the concepts of the augmented Zarankiewicz number and the limited augmented Zarankiewicz number , which are natural combinatorial extensi…

math.OC2026

Narrowing the Gap: SOS Ranks of Biquadratic Forms and a Lower Bound of

Yi Xu, Chunfeng Cui, Liqun Qi

We investigate the maximum sum-of-squares (SOS) rank of biquadratic forms in the critical case of variables, where the general bounds are currently $7 \leq \mathrm{BSR…

math.OC2026

Sum of Squares Rank of Biquadratic Forms and The Zarankiewicz Number

Chunfeng Cui, Liqun Qi, Yi Xu

Denote the maximum sos rank of sum of squares (SOS) biquadratic forms by . In this paper, we show that and conjecture that $BSR(m, n…

math.OC2026

On the SOS Rank of Simple and Diagonal Biquadratic Forms

Yi Xu, Chufeng Cui, Liqun Qi

We study the sum-of-squares (SOS) rank of simple and diagonal biquadratic forms. For simple biquadratic forms in variables, we show that the maximum SOS rank is exactl…

math.OC2026

Sum of Squares Decompositions and Rank Bounds for Biquadratic Forms

Liqun Qi, Chunfeng Cui, Yi Xu

We study SOS properties of biquadratic forms. For the class of partially symmetric biquadratic forms, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for positive semi-definitenes…

math.OC2025

Sum of Squares Decompositions for Structured Biquadratic Forms

Yi Xu, Chunfeng Cui, Liqun Qi

This paper studies sum-of-squares (SOS) representations for structured biquadratic forms. We prove that diagonally dominated symmetric biquadratic tensors are always SOS. For the s…