5.7k citations · 6k across the 9 of their papers we have counts for
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Google's Training Supercomputers from TPU v2 to Ironwood: Architectural Stability, Scale, Resilience, Power Efficiency, and Sustainability Across Five Generations
Norman P. Jouppi, Sridhar Lakshmanamurthy, Cliff Young +1
This paper (to appear in the July/August 2026 issue of IEEE Micro magazine) summarizes five generations of Google s TPUs, from TPU v2 to Ironwood, highlighting their evolution as s…
TPU v4: An Optically Reconfigurable Supercomputer for Machine Learning with Hardware Support for Embeddings
Norman P. Jouppi, George Kurian, Sheng Li +11
In response to innovations in machine learning (ML) models, production workloads changed radically and rapidly. TPU v4 is the fifth Google domain specific architecture (DSA) and it…
In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit
Norman P. Jouppi, Cliff Young, Nishant Patil +72
Many architects believe that major improvements in cost-energy-performance must now come from domain-specific hardware. This paper evaluates a custom ASIC---called a Tensor Process…