Using directed acyclic graphs to determine whether multiple imputation or subsample multiple imputation estimates of an exposure-outcome association are unbiased

Paul Madley-Dowd, Rachael A. Hughes, Maya B. Mathur +2

Missing data is a pervasive problem in epidemiology, with multiple imputation (MI) a commonly used analysis method. MI is valid when data are missing at random (MAR). However, defi…