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20152025
most citedLanguage Models are Few-Shot Learners

3k citations · 9.2k across the 17 of their papers we have counts for

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7 papers · 1 filter

cs.LG2025★ 1 cited

Assay2Mol: large language model-based drug design using BioAssay context

Yifan Deng, Spencer S. Ericksen, Anthony Gitter

Scientific databases aggregate vast amounts of quantitative data alongside descriptive text. In biochemistry, molecule screening assays evaluate candidate molecules' functional res…

cs.LG2021★ 1.5k cited

Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code

Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun +55

We introduce Codex, a GPT language model fine-tuned on publicly available code from GitHub, and study its Python code-writing capabilities. A distinct production version of Codex p…

cs.LG2020★ 150 cited

Scaling Laws for Autoregressive Generative Modeling

Tom Henighan, Jared Kaplan, Mor Katz +16

We identify empirical scaling laws for the cross-entropy loss in four domains: generative image modeling, video modeling, multimodal imagetext models, and mathemat…

cs.LG2020★ 1.5k cited

Scaling Laws for Neural Language Models

Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan +7

We study empirical scaling laws for language model performance on the cross-entropy loss. The loss scales as a power-law with model size, dataset size, and the amount of compute us…

cs.LG2019★ 1k cited

Dota 2 with Large Scale Deep Reinforcement Learning

OpenAI, :, Christopher Berner +24

On April 13th, 2019, OpenAI Five became the first AI system to defeat the world champions at an esports game. The game of Dota 2 presents novel challenges for AI systems such as lo…

cs.LG2019★ 484 cited

Generating Long Sequences with Sparse Transformers

Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford +1

Transformers are powerful sequence models, but require time and memory that grows quadratically with the sequence length. In this paper we introduce sparse factorizations of the at…

cs.LG2017★ 164 cited

Flexpoint: An Adaptive Numerical Format for Efficient Training of Deep Neural Networks

Urs Köster, Tristan J. Webb, Xin Wang +11

Deep neural networks are commonly developed and trained in 32-bit floating point format. Significant gains in performance and energy efficiency could be realized by training and in…