Magnetic monopole versus vortex as gauge-invariant topological objects for quark confinement

Kei-Ichi Kondo, Takaaki Sasago, Toru Shinohara +2

First, we give a gauge-independent definition of chromomagnetic monopoles in $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory which is derived through a non-Abelian Stokes theorem for the Wilson loop ope…