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Physical characterization of Earth's quasi-satellite 2025 PN7
Grigori Fedorets, Zuri Gray, Mikael Granvik +1
A hypothetical origin as lunar ejecta for Earth's quasi-satellites (QS) has gained initial support in recent years, but there is scarce photometric and/or spectroscopic data to sup…
Nordic-based observations of binary asteroid (163693) Atira reveal a hydrated CM chondrite composition
Eric M. MacLennan, Grigori Fedorets, Zuri Gray +5
We present photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations of (163693) Atira collected on the night of 05 March 2024. A dual-band lightcurve acquired in the V and R_C fil…
Multi-Wavelength Post-Perihelion Polarimetry of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS
Zuri Gray, Galin Borisov, Ludmilla Kolokolova +15
We present new post-perihelion polarimetric observations of the third discovered interstellar object, 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1; hereafter 3I), obtained using FORS2 at the Very Large Tel…
Astrometric follow-up of near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4 during a Torino scale level 3 alert
Marco Micheli, Maxime Devogèle, Larry Denneau +38
The discovery of 2024 YR4 presented the planetary defense community with the most significant impact threat in almost two decades, reaching level 3 on the Torino scale. The communi…
Predictions of the LSST Solar System Yield: Neptune Trojans
Joseph Murtagh, Megan E. Schwamb, Pedro H. Bernardinelli +15
The NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), beginning full operations in late 2025, will dramatically transform solar system science by vastly e…
Rapid-response characterization of near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4 during a Torino Scale 3 alert
Maxime Devogèle, Olivier R. Hainaut, Marco Micheli +32
On 27 December 2024, near-Earth object (NEO) 2024 YR was discovered by the ATLAS survey and identified as a virtual impactor. A few weeks later, it eventually reached level 3 o…
Extreme Negative Polarisation of New Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS
Zuri Gray, Stefano Bagnulo, Galin Borisov +13
We present the first polarimetric observations of the third discovered interstellar object, 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1), obtained pre-perihelion with FORS2/VLT, ALFOSC/NOT, and FoReRo2/RC…
NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Observations of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS (C/2025 N1)
Colin Orion Chandler, Pedro H. Bernardinelli, Mario Jurić +305
We report on the observation and measurement of astrometry, photometry, morphology, and activityof the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS, also designated C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) with the NSF-…
Predictions of the LSST Solar System Yield: Near-Earth Objects, Main Belt Asteroids, Jupiter Trojans, and Trans-Neptunian Objects
Jacob A. Kurlander, Pedro H. Bernardinelli, Megan E. Schwamb +18
The NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a new 8m-class survey facility presently being commissioned in Chile, expected to begin the 10yr-long Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST…
Predictions of the LSST Solar System Yield: Discovery Rates and Characterizations of Centaurs
Joseph Murtagh, Megan E. Schwamb, Stephanie R. Merritt +16
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will start by the end of 2025 and operate for ten years, offering billions of observations of the southern nigh…
Sorcha: A Solar System Survey Simulator for the Legacy Survey of Space and Time
Stephanie R. Merritt, Grigori Fedorets, Megan E. Schwamb +20
The upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory is expected to revolutionize solar system astronomy. Unprecedented in scale, this ten-year wide…
Sorcha: Optimized Solar System Ephemeris Generation
Matthew J. Holman, Pedro H. Bernardinelli, Megan E. Schwamb +14
Sorcha is a solar system survey simulator built for the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) and future large-scale wide-field surveys. Over the ten-y…
Tuning the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Observing Strategy for Solar System Science: Incremental Templates in Year 1
James E. Robinson, Megan E. Schwamb, R. Lynne Jones +13
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is due to commence the 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) at the end of 2025. To detect transient/variable sources and identify solar syst…
The Discovery and Evolution of a Possible New Epoch of Cometary Activity by the Centaur (2060) Chiron
Matthew M. Dobson, Megan E. Schwamb, Alan Fitzsimmons +24
Centaurs are small Solar System objects on chaotic orbits in the giant planet region, forming an evolutionary continuum with the Kuiper belt objects and Jupiter-family comets. Some…
Gaia Focused Product Release: Asteroid orbital solution. Properties and assessment
Gaia Collaboration, P. David, F. Mignard +2
Context. We report the exploitation of a sample of epoch astrometry for 157 000 asteroids, the same object in the Gaia Data Release 3, extended over the time coverage planned for t…
Implications for the Formation of 2005 UD from a New Convex Shape Model
Jay K. Kueny, Colin Orion Chandler, Maxime Devogèle +15
(155140) 2005 UD has a similar orbit to (3200) Phaethon, an active asteroid in a highly eccentric orbit thought to be the source of the Geminid meteor shower. Evidence points to a…
Polarimetric Properties of the Near--Sun Asteroid (155140) 2005 UD in Comparison with Other Asteroids and Meteoritic Samples
Masateru Ishiguro, Yoonsoo P. Bach, Jooyeon Geem +26
The investigation of asteroids near the Sun is important for understanding the final evolutionary stage of primitive solar system objects. A near-Sun asteroid, (155140) 2005 UD, ha…
Establishing Earth's Minimoon Population through Characterization of Asteroid 2020 CD
Grigori Fedorets, Marco Micheli, Robert Jedicke +20
We report on our detailed characterization of Earth's second known temporary natural satellite, or minimoon, asteroid 2020 CD3. An artificial origin can be ruled out based on its a…
Potential asteroid discoveries by the ESA Gaia mission: Results from follow-up observations
B. Carry, W. Thuillot, F. Spoto +42
Since July 2014, the ESA Gaia mission has been surveying the entire sky down to magnitude 20.7 in the visible. In addition to the millions of stars, thousands of Solar System Objec…
Discovering Earth's transient moons with the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
Grigori Fedorets, Mikael Granvik, R. Lynne Jones +2
Earth's temporarily-captured orbiters (TCOs) are a sub-population of near-Earth objects (NEOs). TCOs can provide constraints for NEO population models in the 1--10-metre-diameter r…
Earth's Minimoons: Opportunities for Science and Technology
Robert Jedicke, Bryce T. Bolin, William F. Bottke +5
(modified from published version) Twelve years ago the Catalina Sky Survey discovered Earth's first known natural geocentric object other than the Moon, a few-meter diameter astero…
Gaia Data Release 2: Observations of solar system objects
Gaia Collaboration, F. Spoto, P. Tanga +4
The Gaia spacecraft of the European Space Agency (ESA) has been securing observations of solar system objects (SSOs) since the beginning of its operations. Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2…
The daily processing of asteroid observations by Gaia
Paolo Tanga, Francois Mignard, Aldo Dell Oro +15
The Gaia mission started its regular observing program in the summer of 2014, and since then it is regularly obtaining observations of asteroids. This paper draws the outline of th…