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20242026
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cs.CL2026

Token-Level Off-Policy Learning for Faithful Generation Under Distribution Shift

Zitong Huang, Gustavo Lucas Carvalho, Deqing Fu +1

We propose Token-Level Off-Policy Labeling (TOPL), an off-policy training paradigm that reframes post-training as a token-level correctness prediction task. Our key intuition is th…

cs.CL2026

EPSVec: Efficient and Private Synthetic Data Generation via Dataset Vectors

Amin Banayeeanzade, Qingchuan Yang, Deqing Fu +6

High-quality data is essential for modern machine learning, yet many valuable corpora are sensitive and cannot be freely shared. Synthetic data offers a practical substitute for do…

cs.CL2026

Convergent Evolution: How Different Language Models Learn Similar Number Representations

Deqing Fu, Tianyi Zhou, Mikhail Belkin +2

Language models trained on natural text learn to represent numbers using periodic features with dominant periods at . In this paper, we identify a two-tiered hierarchy…

cs.CL2026

FoNE: Precise Single-Token Number Embeddings via Fourier Features

Tianyi Zhou, Deqing Fu, Mahdi Soltanolkotabi +2

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically represent numbers using multiple tokens, which requires the model to aggregate these tokens to interpret numerical values. This fragmentation…

cs.CL2025

LLM Unlearning Without an Expert Curated Dataset

Xiaoyuan Zhu, Muru Zhang, Ollie Liu +2

Modern large language models often encode sensitive, harmful, or copyrighted knowledge, raising the need for post-hoc unlearning-the ability to remove specific domains of knowledge…