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20242026
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cs.CL2026

Token-Level Off-Policy Learning for Faithful Generation Under Distribution Shift

Zitong Huang, Gustavo Lucas Carvalho, Deqing Fu +1

We propose Token-Level Off-Policy Labeling (TOPL), an off-policy training paradigm that reframes post-training as a token-level correctness prediction task. Our key intuition is th…

cs.CL2026

EPSVec: Efficient and Private Synthetic Data Generation via Dataset Vectors

Amin Banayeeanzade, Qingchuan Yang, Deqing Fu +6

High-quality data is essential for modern machine learning, yet many valuable corpora are sensitive and cannot be freely shared. Synthetic data offers a practical substitute for do…

cs.CL2026

Convergent Evolution: How Different Language Models Learn Similar Number Representations

Deqing Fu, Tianyi Zhou, Mikhail Belkin +2

Language models trained on natural text learn to represent numbers using periodic features with dominant periods at . In this paper, we identify a two-tiered hierarchy…

cs.CL2026

FoNE: Precise Single-Token Number Embeddings via Fourier Features

Tianyi Zhou, Deqing Fu, Mahdi Soltanolkotabi +2

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically represent numbers using multiple tokens, which requires the model to aggregate these tokens to interpret numerical values. This fragmentation…

cs.CL2025

Resa: Transparent Reasoning Models via SAEs

Shangshang Wang, Julian Asilis, Ömer Faruk Akgül +4

How cost-effectively can we elicit strong reasoning in language models by leveraging their underlying representations? We answer this question with Resa, a family of 1.5B reasoning…