Scaling 5G-TSN Bridges: Operating Regimes, Scheduling, and Time Synchronisation Under Heterogeneous Industrial Traffic

Mohamed Seliem, Utz Roedig, Cormac Sreenan +1

3GPP Release 16 enables a 5G system to operate as a transparent IEEE 802.1 TSN bridge, but its scalability under heterogeneous industrial workloads remains insufficiently character…