Doing more with less: the flagellar end piece enhances the propulsive effectiveness of human spermatozoa

Cara V. Neal, Atticus L. Hall-McNair, Jackson Kirkman-Brown +2

Spermatozoa self-propel by propagating bending waves along a predominantly active elastic flagellum. The organized structure of the "9 + 2" axoneme is lost in the most-distal few m…