Optimal Gaussian $N$-to-$M$ cloning with linear optics and Gaussian cloning of known-phase coherent states

Abstract

We show how to implement the optimal Gaussian $N$-to-$M$ cloning with linear optics and homodyne detection. We also show that the Gaussian $N$-to-$M$ cloning of known-phase coherent states can be performed with the fidelity $\sqrt{\frac{2MN}{2MN+M-N}}$ by linear optics and homodyne detection, and with $\frac{2}{\sqrt{1+\frac{1}{N}}+\sqrt{1-\frac{1}{M}}}$ by utilizing quadrature squeezing. From the classical limit of the cloning (1-to-$\infty$ cloning), a necessary condition of continuous variable quantum key distribution using known-phase coherent states is provided.