Fungible dynamics: there are only two types of entangling multiple-qubit interactions

Abstract

What interactions are sufficient to simulate arbitrary quantum dynamics in a composite quantum system? It has been shown that all two-body Hamiltonian evolutions can be simulated using \emph{any} fixed two-body entangling $n$-qubit Hamiltonian and fast local unitaries. By \emph{entangling} we mean that every qubit is coupled to every other qubit, if not directly, then indirectly via intermediate qubits. We extend this study to the case where interactions may involve more than two qubits at a time. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for an arbitrary $n$-qubit Hamiltonian to be \emph{dynamically universal}, that is, able to simulate any other Hamiltonian acting on $n$ qubits, possibly in an inefficient manner. We prove that an entangling Hamiltonian is dynamically universal if and only if it contains at least one coupling term involving an \emph{even} number of interacting qubits. For \emph{odd} entangling Hamiltonians, i.e., Hamiltonians with couplings that involve only an odd number of qubits, we prove that dynamic universality is possible on an encoded set of $n-1$ logical qubits. We further prove that an odd entangling Hamiltonian can simulate any other odd Hamiltonian and classify the algebras that such Hamiltonians generate. Thus, our results show that up to local unitary operations, there are only two fundamentally different types of entangling Hamiltonian on $n$ qubits. We also demonstrate that, provided the number of qubits directly coupled by the Hamiltonian is bounded above by a constant, our techniques can be made efficient.

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• Equivalence of Decoupling Schemes and Orthogonal Arrays
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• Spin-1/2 particles moving on a 2D lattice with nearest-neighbor interactions can realize an autonomous quantum computer
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• Encoding Universal Computation in the Ground States of Ising Lattices
• Quantum simulations under translational symmetry
• Simulating Hamiltonian dynamics using many-qudit Hamiltonians and local unitary control
• Time Reversal and n-qubit Canonical Decompositions
• Minimal and Robust Composite Two-Qubit Gates with Ising-Type Interaction
• How to check universality of quantum gates?
• Quantum Simulation of Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya Interaction