Parity Effect in Ground State Energies of Ultrasmall Superconducting Grains

Abstract

We study the superconductivity in small grains in the regime when the quantum level spacing $\delta \epsilon$ is comparable to the gap $\Delta$. As $\delta \epsilon$ is increased, the system crosses over from superconducting to normal state. This crossover is studied by calculating the dependence of the ground state energy of a grain on the parity of the number of electrons. The states with odd numbers of particles carry an additional energy ${\Delta }_P$, which shows non-monotonic dependence on $\delta \epsilon$. Our predictions can be tested experimentally by studying the parity-induced alternation of Coulomb blockade peak spacings in grains of different sizes.

4 pages, revtex, multicol.sty

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