Fluxes, Laplacians and Kasteleyn's Theorem

Abstract

The following problem, which stems from the ``flux phase'' problem in condensed matter physics, is analyzed and extended here: One is given a planar graph (or lattice) with prescribed vertices, edges and a weight $|t_{xy}|$ on each edge $(x,y)$. The flux phase problem (which we partially solve) is to find the real phase function on the edges, $\theta (x,y)$, so that the matrix $T:=\{|t_{xy}|\exp [i\theta (x,y)]\}$ minimizes the sum of the negative eigenvalues of $-T$. One extension of this problem which is also partially solved is the analogous question for the Falicov-Kimball model. There one replaces the matrix $-T$ by $-T+V$, where $V$ is a diagonal matrix representing a potential. Another extension of this problem, which we solve completely for planar, bipartite graphs, is to maximize $|\det T|$. Our analysis of this determinant problem is closely connected with Kasteleyn's 1961 theorem (for arbitrary planar graphs) and, indeed, yields an alternate, and we believe more transparent proof of it. {}.

29 pages, #EHLML-21/Sept/92