Fluctuations of the Gravitational Constant in the Inflationary Brans-Dicke Cosmology

Abstract

According to the Brans--Dicke theory, the value of the gravitational constant G which we measure at present is determined by the value of the Brans--Dicke scalar field ϕat the end of inflation. However, due to quantum fluctuations of the scalar fields produced during inflation, the gravitational constant G(ϕ) may take different values in different exponentially large parts of the Universe. We investigate the probability distribution P_p to find a domain of a given volume with a given value of the gravitational constant G at a given time. The investigation is performed for a wide class of effective potentials of the scalar field σwhich drives inflation, and with two different time parametrizations. Our work is based on the analytical study of the diffusion equations for P_p, as well as on the computer simulation of stochastic processes in the inflationary Universe. We have found that in some inflationary models the probability distribution P_p rapidly approaches a stationary regime. The shape of the distribution depends, however, on the choice of the time parametrization. In some other models the distribution P_p is not stationary. An interpretation of our results and of all ambiguities involved is outlined, and a possible role of anthropic considerations in determination of the gravitational constant is discussed.

41 pages, 14 figs. This is the text as published in Phys. Rev. in 1994, with the original figures added. This paper was the first work on calculating the probabilities of various constants after eternal inflation, using the methods developed in gr-qc/9306035. This subject became very popular recently, in the context of string theory landscape. We decided to add the figures to the astro-ph distribution since they help to understand our main results