Inversion symmetry breaking by interlayer hybridization in a tetralayer van der Waals heterostructure

Abstract

Inversion symmetry breaking unlocks a broad range of physical phenomena fundamental for modern technologies, motivating efforts to engineer noncentrosymmetric materials. In this context, monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, which naturally lack inversion symmetry, have emerged as a versatile platform for valley physics, strong excitonic effects, and nonlinear optics. However, in their hexagonal stacking phase, inversion symmetry is restored in even-layer stacks and bulk form, suppressing these effects and limiting applications. In this work, inversion symmetry breaking is demonstrated in a vertically stacked tetralayer heterostructure assembled from two intrinsically centrosymmetric bilayer flakes, as evidenced by second harmonic generation measurements with an intensity comparable to that of their constituent monolayer. Spectroscopic measurements and theoretical estimations indicate that effective symmetry breaking in the tetralayer heterostructure is driven by interlayer hybridization, giving rise to pronounced electronic and phononic signatures. This symmetry breaking further induces polar anisotropy, with an intensity ratio reaching 2.36. We propose that asymmetric contributions from excitons to the second harmonic optical dipole may influence this behavior. These findings establish interlayer coupling as a critical mechanism for introducing inversion symmetry breaking and tuning the optical response of van der Waals heterostructures, providing a powerful strategy for photonics and optoelectronics in two-dimensional materials.

arXiv comment19 pages, 5 figures