Increased Crystal Nucleation in the Glassy State of a Polymer/Water Mixture

Abstract

Within classical nucleation theory, crystal nucleation requires sufficient supersaturation, but is suppressed at low temperatures due to reduced molecular mobility, leading to a maximum nucleation rate typically above the glass transition temperature $T_g$. Here, we experimentally show that this conventional picture breaks down in a biocompatible polymer poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate)(PMEA)/water mixture. We find that the number of nuclei increases dramatically below $T_g$, with the effective nucleation rate exhibiting an unusual maximum at approximately $T_g-10$ K. Calorimetric experiments reveal a strong temperature-history dependence of cold crystallization of water in hydrated PMEA, which is explained by the observed nucleation behavior. We propose that the unusual enhancement of nucleation below $T_g$ provides a key mechanism linking high glass-forming ability and cold crystallization upon heating, thereby explaining the striking asymmetry in crystallization behavior between cooling and heating. Our findings suggest that a hidden nucleation-rate maximum below $T_g$ may also underlie cold crystallization in other glass-forming liquids.