Parton density functions for future electron-positron colliders

Abstract

Precision QED radiative corrections are critical for the physics programs of future high-energy $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ colliders. We review the state-of-the-art QED parton density function (PDF) formalism for resumming collinear photon and pair emissions. Our numerical analysis of initial-state radiation (ISR) highlights the slow convergence of the perturbative series and the growing significance of pair production at higher orders. Finally, we emphasize the need to implement these theoretical refinements into modern Monte Carlo generators to meet the stringent precision demands of upcoming experimental measurements.

arXiv comment6 pages, contribution to proceedings of ICHEP-2026