Fast prediction of electron-beam parameters using transfer maps and machine learning in a digital model of a MeV $\gamma \gamma$ collider

Abstract

Tuning the electron beam of a MeV-scale $\gamma \gamma$ collider, first in the design and later in a digital twin of the machine, requires the beam parameters at the interaction point (IP) for many injector states. Start-to-end particle tracking is too slow for this and needs the full particle distribution, which an operating machine cannot measure. We address this problem for the 200-MeV transport line of the collider with two fast predictors. For design, second-order transfer maps from the transport entrance to the IP are applied to every particle. For a digital twin, an extremely-randomized-trees (ExtraTrees) model predicts the IP parameters from the means and rms widths of the beam at the transport entrance. On 89 held-out start-to-end simulations, the map predictor reproduces Elegant tracking for the mean energy, momentum spread, bunch length, transverse rms sizes and normalized emittances with coefficients of determination ($R^2$) of 0.97--1.00 and is ten times faster. The ExtraTrees model reaches an average $R^2$ of 0.88, compared with 0.58 when the injector settings are used as input, and performs similarly with eleven inputs that can be measured or reconstructed. Under a 2% input perturbation, the average $R^2$ of the six parameters other than the mean energy decreases only from 0.917 to 0.895, whereas the mean energy requires an accurate momentum calibration. The two predictors provide the IP-beam evaluation for the collider design and the prediction layer of a future digital twin.

arXiv commentIncludes Supplementary Information