Arithmetic Depth, Minimal Gate Alphabets, and Exact Program-State Resources for Single-Qubit Dyadic Programs

Abstract

Resource analyses for quantum programs commonly provide safe upper bounds on qubits, gates, or non-Clifford operations. We study a single-qubit dyadic fragment in which the deepest exact resource layer can instead be inferred exactly. Starting from the normalized-midpoint misty-state syntax, we define dyadic program states and the real cyclotomic tower $K_D=\mathbb{Q}(2\cos (\pi /2^D))$. For the projective single-qubit Clifford-cyclotomic tower ${\hat{G}}_D\subseteq SO(3)$, we prove the relative intersection law ${\hat{G}}_D\cap SO(3,K_d)={\hat{G}}_d$ for $d\le D$. Combining this descent theorem with an arithmetic-closure invariant for adaptive stabilizer processing yields $\mathrm{Fdepth}(U)=\mathrm{Adepth}(U)=\mathrm{Rdepth}(U)$: the smallest real cyclotomic field containing the Bloch matrix of an exactly synthesizable channel, the shallowest dyadic gate alphabet realizing it up to global phase, and the shallowest dyadic program-state layer sufficient for exact stabilizer-assisted implementation coincide. At that common minimum, known fixed-alphabet synthesis gives minimum primitive-rotation count. We package the result as an exact static resource effect and outline a certificate-producing compiler.

arXiv comment14 pages, 2 figures