paper

Three Homogenization Models for a Nonlinear Heterogeneous Rod with Microscale Dead Loading

arXiv:2611.06243 · doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2026.106870

Abstract

A discrete chain of one-dimensional elements with concentrated elastic stiffness is analyzed to investigate the effect of self-equilibrated dead loads acting at the microscale. Three homogenization models are formulated for a finite chain whose total length is much larger than the unit-cell length. Model (i) homogenizes the elastic properties and the microscopic loading simultaneously, yielding an equivalent rod with homogeneous axial and flexural stiffnesses, an effective prestress state, and a distribution of nonlinear rotational springs. In Models (ii) and (iii), the microforces remain periodically distributed as external loads. Model (ii) has homogeneous axial and flexural stiffnesses, whereas Model (iii) retains piecewise-constant axial stiffness. Model (i) is shown to recover the continuum limit of the fully loaded discrete system and to provide the most accurate, fully homogenized description. Incorporating the microforces into the nonlinear homogenization procedure produces an unconventional prestress and a distributed rotational constraint, including rotational springs with negative tangent stiffness. The nonlinear equilibrium equation of Model (i) admits a closed-form solution in terms of elliptic functions, enabling analysis of large deflections and initial post-buckling behavior of a cantilever. The model predicts tensile and compressive buckling, as well as restabilization of the straight configuration. Finally, combined control of the end load and microforces is explored for soft-robotic actuation. Suitable loading paths allow switching between straight and bent configurations and changing the bifurcation character from supercritical to subcritical.

arXiv comment42 pages, 12 figures

References in corpus (5)