A Hierarchical direct solver for Lippmann-Schwinger equations based on boundary traces

Abstract

A high-order hierarchical direct solver for variable-media scattering in two dimensions is presented. Standard discretizations for these problems produce dense linear systems that are commonly solved iteratively, requiring a new global solve for each incident field. The method proposed here instead constructs a reusable scattering operator for the inhomogeneous medium, based on a hierarchical subdivision of the computational domain. First, high-accuracy leaf scattering operators are built from discretized local integral equations. Up the hierarchy, neighboring boxes are merged to build the scattering operators for successively larger boxes. A key feature of the method is that each scattering operator is represented as a map of incoming traces to outgoing traces. Consequently, volume unknowns appear only in the leaf computations; all higher levels of the hierarchy operate entirely on boundary traces. The hierarchical solver is presented first at the continuum level and discretized only afterward using high-order local volume quadrature, polynomial trace representations, and boundary integral techniques. For a discretization involving $N$ degrees of freedom, the method requires $O(N^{3/2})$ work and $O(N\log N)$ storage to build all scattering operators. Once these are available, any incoming field can be processed at cost $O(N)$ if only the outgoing field is required, and cost $O(N\log N)$ if the full field is required. Numerical experiments demonstrate high-order accuracy on a range of challenging scattering problems including cavities, back-scattering, limited regularity, and high wavenumber, that pose significant challenges to iterative methods.