The symbolic pfaffian method I: A generalization of the Gallucio-Loebl-Tesler Theorem

Abstract

The pfaffian number of a graph $G$, denoted by $\mathrm{pf}(G)$, is the minimum integer $k$ such that the generating function of perfect matchings of $G$ can be written as a linear combination of $k$ pfaffians of signed adjacency matrices. The Galluccio-Loebl-Tesler Theorem states that $\mathrm{pf}(G)\le 4^g$, where $g$ is the orientable genus of $G$. We generalize this theorem by relating the pfaffian number of a graph to another graph parameter: the symbolic pfaffian number, denoted by $\mathrm{spf}(G)$. Namely, we prove that $\mathrm{pf}(G)\le 2^{\mathrm{spf}(G)}$. Our proof is based on linear algebra arguments and does not depend on topological properties of graphs. As a consequence of our generalization, we conclude that $\mathrm{pf}(K_{2n})=2^{\mathcal{O}(n\log n)}$, an improvement on the previous upper bound of $4^{\mathcal{O}(n^2)}$ based on the genus. We also consider lower bounds for $\mathrm{pf}(G)$ related to $\mathrm{spf}(G)$. In particular, we show that the graphs with $\mathrm{pf}(G)=4$ are the graphs with $\mathrm{spf}(G)=2$. On the other hand, we show that our main result is strictly more general than a previous generalization by Norine.

arXiv comment20 pages, 3 figures