paper

The effects of hydrodynamic interactions on the swimming velocity and stability of a swarm of microswimmers

arXiv:2610.38689 · doi:10.1063/5.0174558

Abstract

The dynamics and stability of a swarm of microswimmers is examined here using a thermodynamically compliant microswimmer model. The theory presented here is a mean-field model in which the swarm is considered to be a uniform solution of swimmers that are moving, on average, in the same direction. The hydrodynamic interaction between swimmers is modeled accurately assuming a crystalline arrangement to the swarm. A swimmer in the swarm can swim up to twelve times faster than when alone in an infinite sea, when the volume fraction of swimmers in the swarm is about 0.14. Moreover we have also studied the stability of the swarm around a uniform crystalline arrangement by calculating the hydrodynamic torques generated by the swarm as a function of the volume fraction of swimmers. The predictions presented here agree with recent multiparticle simulations that have shown that hydrodynamic torques have a stabilizing effect in swarms of pullers while swarms of pushers are generally destabilized by hydrodynamic interactions. The thermodynamically admissible coupling between the swimmer's motion and fuel consumption allows us to study the full dynamics instead of artificially constrained steady-states only. By accounting for fuel consumption and high order hydrodynamic interactions we are able to examine the swarm's stability as function of fuel concentration and the volume fraction of swimmers. We find that at high concentrations of fuel, swarms of pullers are stabilized by hydrodynamic torques for volume fractions of swimmers as low as 0.02 but at lower volume fractions Brownian forces make the swarm unstable.

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