Circular Axion String Loop Simulations: Field Theory and Effective Description

Abstract

An accurate description of axion strings and their radiation is crucial for understanding their cosmological implications. Motivated by the differing conclusions of previous works, we study a simple, controlled setup: the collapse of an initially static circular loop in a Minkowski background. We compare field-theory simulations of the conventional complex scalar and high-tension Klaer--Moore models with solutions of the renormalised Nambu--Goto--Kalb--Ramond (NGKR) equation of motion, covering the range $3\lesssim \mathcal{T}\lesssim 100$ in dimensionless string tension. Both the field theory and NGKR approach the Nambu--Goto (NG) limit with corrections scaling as $1/\mathcal{T}$. However, the leading correction to the halving-time is $20-35\%$ larger in NGKR than in the field-theory simulations over the same range of tensions, while for large tensions the value agrees with an independent perturbative calculation to $0.2\%$. The late-time axion spectrum agrees with NGKR in the infrared, but the collapse generates additional structure in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, which we attribute to different events such as an outgoing wave front that carries a sizable fraction of the energy or the rebound of the initial loop. These results provide a useful benchmark for a more accurate understanding of axion radiation from cosmological string networks.

arXiv commentMain part: 48 pages, 18 figures. Appendices: 28 pages, 9 additional figures. Comments welcome!