MCP vs CLI for AI Agents: A Comparative Analysis of Tool Integration Strategies for Autonomous Systems

Abstract

AI agents require interfaces to interact with external systems such as files, APIs, databases, and cloud services. Two competing paradigms have emerged: CLI (Command Line Interface), where agents execute shell commands directly, and MCP (Model Context Protocol), a structured JSON-RPC protocol providing governed, typed tool access. This paper presents a comparative analysis across 14 evaluation dimensions, supported by worked examples, security assessment against established compliance frameworks, and economic modeling. Our analysis indicates that CLI provides superior efficiency for single-user, local-only workflows, while MCP addresses requirements that CLI fundamentally cannot satisfy, including fine-grained access control, credential isolation, structured audit, and multi-tenant governance. We further examine how progressive disclosure techniques eliminate MCP's historical weakness (context window overhead), yielding token efficiency comparable to CLI while preserving its architectural benefits. A hybrid architecture is recommended for production systems. This analysis draws upon academic, government, and industry sources including NSA formal guidance (CSI U/OO/6030316-26), OWASP security standards, and economic modeling from BCG and Gartner.

arXiv comment9 pages, 6 figures