Soft elasticity of soft shells

Abstract

Soft modes of a shell are one-parameter families of non-trivial deformations that preserve the elastic energy. We identify all soft modes of the soft shells described by the variational theory of put forward by Sonnet and Virga (2025). They are seen to be strictly connected with the Bonnet families, a special class of solutions to the problem posited by Bonnet, who asked whether there exist non-trivial isometries that preserve the mean curvature. Differential geometry deems as equivalent all surfaces in one and the same Bonnet family, but continuum mechanics is interested more specifically in soft deformation modes and the shapes they traverse, as they may describe ways to ignite fluctuations of soft shells that ideally require no energy to be activated. We give a general criterion for the existence of soft modes and a method to construct them based on a cascade of path integrations. We apply both criterion and method to some exemplary cases.