Programming the Nonlinear Optics of a Nanoporous Photonic Metamaterial by Confined Crystallization

Abstract

A membrane traversed by a dense array of nanochannels acts as a photonic metamaterial: with channels far smaller than the wavelength of light, the optical response is set by the architecture rather than by the constituent materials. Here each nanochannel is turned into a nonlinear optical meta-atom by filling anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) with benzil (BZL), a noncentrosymmetric molecular crystal, and the crystallization pathway programs their orientation. In free-standing membranes every channel solidifies independently, the orientations remain uncorrelated, and the effective second-harmonic generation (SHG) response is nearly polarization isotropic; its magnitude follows a core - shell model in which an optically inactive interfacial layer of 2.6 nm reduces the active volume of each meta-atom, reproducing on bare alumina the value previously found on alkyl-grafted silica and indicating a host-insensitive limit. Seeding crystallization from a bulk benzil layer instead aligns the meta-atoms over submillimeter domains and produces a macroscopically anisotropic effective susceptibility. Channel diameters from 32 to 270 nm span the transition out of the subwavelength regime, and the anomalous directional SHG emission reported here is confined to the metamaterial limit. Confined crystallization thus offers a route to nonlinear optical metamaterials whose effective susceptibility tensor is written during processing.

19 pages, 9 figures