ElectroCalm: Investigating User Experience and Physiological Responses to Multi-Node Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation for Stress Modulation

Abstract

Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TES) for stress modulation has largely focused on vagus nerve stimulation at the neck, yet two questions remain underexplored: how users experience electrotactile sensations at this sensitive site, and whether electrotactile feedback itself can function as a haptic stress intervention. To investigate this gap, we applied an 8-node TES array to two body sites during a cognitively demanding 2-back task: the neck, a site used in prior vagal TES research for its anatomical proximity to the cervical vagus nerve, and the arm, the most common haptic wearable site, which primarily provides cutaneous electrotactile sensation without vagal access. In a usability study, both sites were rated as comparably comfortable without disrupting task performance, though the same stimulation was interpreted differently across sites. A second study assessing the physiological effects of active versus inactive stimulation under identical electrode attachment revealed that only neck TES produced cortical and autonomic changes consistent with stress modulation, while arm TES did not differ from inactive conditions. These findings suggest that neck TES can be acceptable despite the site's sensitivity, and that both the physiological effects and the sensory experience of TES depend on placement.

25 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 2026