Euler's thirty-six officers need not all be entangled: real AME(4,6), families and classification

Abstract

Absolutely maximally entangled states of four six-level systems, AME$(4,6)$, are the quantum solutions of Euler's problem of the thirty-six officers. Until recently all reported solutions were complex, and it was conjectured that no real orthogonal 2-unitary matrix of order $36$ exists. We give real AME$(4,6)$ states with $60$ non-zero coefficients in $\{\pm 1,\sqrt{2}\}/\sqrt{72}$. Of their thirty-six officers, $12$ are classical, as some must be whenever fewer than $72$ coefficients are non-zero. They lie in the $-1$ eigenspace of an order-$4$ local symmetry, and on their support the AME conditions become linear. We derive two closed-form families of AME$(4,6)$ states that meet at one of these states: a $10$-parameter family that is supported on $72$ basis states, and an $11$-parameter family on $60$ basis states. At each of its two ends the first family loses $12$ coefficients, and the AME states on the remaining $60$ basis states form an $11$-parameter family: the second family at one end, and an analogous family at the other. These two $60$-term families contain $4096$ real AME states up to diagonal local unitaries, $1024$ of which are limits of the first family. They fall into exactly $20$ classes under local unitaries and permutations of the parties, and we certify their separation with interval arithmetic.

arXiv comment9 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables; gtihub repo is https://github.com/palashpandya/real-ame46