A Conservative Multi-Level Adaptive Velocity-Space Method for the Discrete Unified Gas-Kinetic Scheme

Abstract

Multiscale gas flows often span a wide range of Knudsen numbers, from near-continuum to highly rarefied and strongly nonequilibrium conditions. Such flows require kinetic solvers that remain accurate across these regimes. The discrete unified gas-kinetic scheme (DUGKS) provides a unified description, but its computational cost and memory consumption are dominated by the size of the discrete velocity space. To alleviate this bottleneck, this work develops the multi-level velocity-space adaptive discrete unified gas-kinetic scheme (MLVS-DUGKS), reducing velocity-space redundancy while preserving accuracy and conservation. The method identifies the velocity-space requirements of individual physical cells from their distribution functions and groups these requirements into a small number of shared representative velocity spaces. This organization retains sensitivity to different local flow states without constructing an independent velocity space for every physical cell. A linear moment-constrained correction is incorporated to maintain discrete compatibility and conservative data transfer between representative spaces. Benchmark simulations spanning near-continuum to highly rarefied regimes show close agreement with the uniform-velocity-space DUGKS (UVS-DUGKS). For the cylinder and two-cavity problems, the average number of discrete velocity points is reduced by approximately one order of magnitude, yielding speedups of $7.00$--$7.93$ and GPU-memory reductions by factors of $6.73$--$7.49$. As a result, the MLVS-DUGKS provides an efficient tool for the simulation of multiscale nonequilibrium gas flows.

arXiv comment60 pages,22 figures