Movable-Antenna-Empowered ISAC: 3D Ambiguity Function Analysis, Waveform Design and Antenna Position Optimization

Abstract

Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) provides abundant spatial and time-frequency degrees of freedom for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), while movable-antennas (MAs) further introduce reconfigurable spatial freedom through array geometry adjustment. However, how the array geometry and the MIMO-OFDM waveform design jointly influence the sensing performance, i.e., the three dimensional (3D) ambiguity function property, remains insufficiently understood. Against this background, we investigate MA-empowered ISAC design under the MIMO-OFDM architecture, where the radio-frequency (RF) antenna positions and the baseband waveform are co-designed with symbol-level precoding (SLP) philosophy. The discrete periodic angle-range-Doppler ambiguity function is firstly derived for the MA-enabled ISAC framework, revealing its interesting features with respect to the waveform matrix rank. Specifically, it is proved that a rank-one waveform yields a 3D ambiguity function that is separable into angular and range-Doppler components. On the other hand, a higher-rank waveform combines multiple spatial components with angle-dependent weights, allowing the range-Doppler ambiguity function to vary across candidate angles and enabling the MA positions to further shape the 3D ambiguity function. Based on the aforementioned analysis, a 3D integrated sidelobe level ratio (ISLR) is defined, a joint optimization problem of the MA positions and the SLP waveform matrix is formulated, and a penalty dual decomposition based alternating optimization algorithm is developed. For the radar-only case, the existence of a rank-one globally optimal waveform is established, which reduces the original high-dimensional waveform optimization to a low-dimensional joint design of the spatial beam and MA positions.

arXiv comment13 pages, 9 figures, submitted to IEEE for possible publication