On the Ordering and Injectivity of Lagrange Constants Associated with Certain Substitutions

Abstract

Motivated by the modern characterization of the Markoff spectrum via mechanical words and the Markoff Uniqueness Conjecture, we study the Lagrange constants of continued fractions generated by a parameterized family of substitutions ${\varphi }_{a,b}$ defined by $0\mapsto aa$ and $1\mapsto bb$ with $b=a+1$. Based on a three-fold arithmetic classification of pairs of rational numbers $0\le x<y\le 1$, we investigate the order relations between the corresponding Lagrange constants $\mathcal{L}([{\varphi }_{a,a+1}(G(x))])$ associated with the mechanical words $G(x)$. While an inequality is established for pairs of the second type (type (2)) whenever $a\ge 1$, the comparisons for type (1) and type (3) pairs hold for $a\ge 2$. Consequently, for any integer $a\ge 2$, where the order relations across all three types are completely determined, we establish an analogue of the Markoff Uniqueness Conjecture: the map $x\mapsto \mathcal{L}([{\varphi }_{a,a+1}(G(x))])$ is injective on $\mathbb{Q}\cap [0,1]$. Furthermore, supported by extensive numerical computations, we propose a general conjecture on the order relations for arbitrary $b>a$, highlighting a sharp phase transition in ordering behavior at the boundary $b=a^2+2$.

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