Selective state space model for photon energy estimation in microwave kinetic inductance detectors

Abstract

Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) are superconducting photon counting detectors that simultaneously measure the energy and arrival time of individual photons and are suitable for large-format arrays. The energy resolving power R = E/$\Delta$E is the primary figure of merit for spectrophotometric applications. It is limited in practice by the assumptions underlying the Wiener optimal filter used to estimate photon energy: stationary noise, linear response, and energy independent pulse shapes, all of which MKIDs structurally violate. We present Venom (Very Efficient Neural Optimal-filter for MKIDs), a selective state space model based on the Mamba architecture that replaces the coordinate transform and optimal filter, operating directly on raw in-phase/quadrature timestream data, carrying 3,314 trainable parameters, and targeting deployment on the MKIDGen3 and future system-on-chip readout platforms. To deal with the small calibration datasets typical of MKID experiments, we train on synthetic pulses drawn from a streaming principal component analysis that samples photon energy continuously between calibration wavelengths. All numbers are reported on a stratified 15% held-out validation set, with R measured from a kernel density estimate. On an InHf bilayer resonator (ten wavelengths, 254-1310nm), Venom reaches a mean R of 26.4 versus 24.2 for the published per-wavelength optimal filter baseline, a 9% improvement from one model in place of ten per-laser filter templates. The R of 38.6 at 254 nm is the highest ever recorded for an ultraviolet-to-near-infrared MKID suitable for use in a dense array. On a PtSi resonator (five wavelengths, 808-1310nm), where the published analysis used one shared 920nm template, Venom matches the optimal filter, with a mean R of 9.1 versus 8.8 at the three interior wavelengths.

Version 2. 22 pages, 11 figures. Phys. Rev. Applied Accepted