Neo-Classic: A Benchmark for Evaluating Linguistic-Aesthetic Reasoning in Classical Chinese Poetry

Abstract

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve high accuracy on established Classical Chinese Poetry benchmarks, it remains challenging to distinguish transferable Linguistic-Aesthetic Reasoning from reliance on familiar pre-training patterns. To address this issue, we introduce Neo-Classic, an evaluation benchmark that combines a constructionist Out-of-Sample (OOS) dataset with a suite of reverse understanding probes. Unlike traditional benchmarks that rely on verification or generation over historical corpora, Neo-Classic comprises strictly metrical poetry authored by contemporary experts, reducing the possibility of direct retrieval. We evaluate state-of-the-art models, including Qwen3-Max, Gemini-3-Pro, and DeepSeek-V3.2, across five behavioral probes designed to test hierarchical constraint satisfaction. Our results reveal two primary limitations. First, a performance gap of 20 to 50 percent emerges when models transition from historical to contemporary texts. Second, models exhibit substantial difficulties in discourse-level ordering tasks, with standard accuracy remaining low (0 to 13 percent). Although expert-level guidance improves the performance of reasoning-enhanced models to 36 percent, a notable gap with human experts persists. These findings suggest that while current LLMs capture local formal patterns, they struggle with global hierarchical planning required for robust Linguistic-Aesthetic Reasoning.

Published in the Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 2026