Solution-phase fluorination of nanodiamond: near-surface NV${}^{-}$ activation and spin relaxation

Abstract

Nanodiamonds hosting luminescent point defects, known as fluorescent nanodiamonds (FND), are a leading platform for quantum technology. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre is the most intensively studied of these; its negatively charged state (NV${}^{-}$) can serve as a qubit at room temperature, and its stability is governed by surface functional groups. We present two solution-phase fluorination routes for stabilising NV${}^{-}$: direct C-F bond formation by decarboxylation with xenon difluoride via a radical mechanism, and the Balz-Schiemann reaction, which replaces surface amino groups with fluorine. The two routes were compared by infrared, X-ray photoelectron, energy-dispersive X-ray, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Both gave a high NV${}^{-}$ fraction, up to $\sim$90% on average and approaching 100% in fluorine-rich regions, which to our knowledge is among the highest reported for surface-terminated nanodiamonds of this size and, in particular, for fluorine termination. Frequency-domain relaxometry shows that the fluorinated particles retain a long spin-lattice relaxation time, $733\pm 56$ and $712\pm 20$ $\mu$s for the XeF${}_2$ and Balz-Schiemann routes, several times the values reported for commercial HPHT nanodiamonds, although shorter than the $1173\pm 123$ $\mu$s of the as-received material. Charge-state stability and spin lifetime therefore do not improve together: fluorination activates near-surface NV${}^{-}$ centres, which are the most exposed to surface noise but also the ones that dominate relaxometric sensing.

22 pages, 12 figures, 5 tables