Beyond Panchromatic Absorption: Deciphering the Excited-State Maze from Light Absorption to Photocatalysis in Dye-Sensitized MOFs

Abstract

Metal--organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising photocatalysts whose visible-light absorption can be extended through linker functionalization; however, a red-shifted absorption edge does not guarantee enhanced efficiency. Here, we establish a multi-spectroscopic framework to decipher the photophysical fate of photoexcited states in diazo-sensitized UiO-66 using 2D photoluminescence (PL/PLE) mapping and wavelength-resolved continuous-wave X-band photo-EPR. By correlating visible absorption with photo-EPR and PLE action spectra, we distinguish a \textit{productive red shift} from a \textit{non-productive emissive red shift}. In highly active UiO-66-Anisole (97\% activity relative to \ch{TiO2}), photo-EPR tracks the new absorption band, confirming that excitation populates a charge-transfer pathway yielding persistent, spin-separated states. Conversely, poorly active UiO-66-$\beta$-naphthol (4\%) exhibits an extended visible absorption tracked by PLE but not photo-EPR. This reflects excitation trapping in a localized state caused by an \textit{ortho}-$\mathrm{OH}$ group forming a rigid intramolecular hydrogen bond, which locks the keto-hydrazone tautomer and disrupts the conjugated azo bridge. A new optical overlap descriptor ($S_{\mathrm{Exc}}$) quantitatively captures this trade-off across the series. We demonstrate that photosensitizer design must suppress rigid tautomeric traps and target specific charge-transfer manifolds ($\lambda \le 500$~nm) rather than merely maximizing apparent panchromatic absorption breadth.

Main manuscript + Supporting Information appended at the end