Optically Induced Thermal Runaway in Phase-Change VO2 Nanostructures

Abstract

While thermal runaway occurs across diverse physical disciplines, its presence in subwavelength phase-change photonics remains unexplored because existing thermo-optical models break down near sharp optical transitions. Here, we introduce an iterative multiphysics framework coupling full-wave electrodynamics with heat transfer, and we discover optically induced thermal runaway in vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanostructures. The runaway switching threshold depends on the illumination wavelength, ambient temperature, and underlying substrate, with external thermal biasing significantly reducing the optical intensity required for runaway ignition. Our results push forward the modeling of sharp photothermal transitions and provide essential design principles for active metasurfaces, neuromorphic photonic devices, and nanoscale thermal management.