AICON: An operational global machine learning weather forecasting model

Abstract

We introduce AICON, a global machine learning weather prediction (MLWP) model which generates forecasts at 13 km spatial resolution with a 3-hour time step, trained on the high-resolution, non-hydrostatic ICON-DREAM dataset. AICON is in full operational use at Deutscher Wetterdienst since 2nd of March 2026. The model employs a graph neural network (GNN) architecture with an encoder-processor-decoder structure, where node updates are performed using a graph attention mechanism. A key feature of AICON is its use of an icosahedral multi-mesh derived from the native grid of the ICON model, ensuring consistency with the training data. ICON's terrain-following vertical SLEVE coordinate is one of the major distinctions from existing emulators. AICON's training strategy prioritizes small-scale fidelity by avoiding autoregressive multi-step rollout and longer forecast horizons during training, a design choice motivated by the hypothesis that this approach preserves fine-scale features often damped in models optimized for longer-range forecasts. We describe the prognostic and diagnostic variables used for training, the transfer learning protocol employed to accelerate convergence, and the model's performance across a range of evaluation metrics. An extensive evaluation, including routine verification against observation, a tropical cyclone case and spectral analysis reveal the strengths and limitations in the representation of atmospheric variability across scales. Routine verification against observations demonstrates competitive skill relative to the operational ICON model, particularly for near-surface variables in the short to medium forecast range.

41 pages, 20 figures