Nonlocality is the missing design rule for topological photonics

Abstract

Topological photonics has provided powerful design rules for routing and localizing light through geometry, symmetry and engineered coupling. However, fabricated nanophotonic and plasmonic devices rarely realize only the local or short-range interaction networks assumed in compact topological models. Long-range near-field coupling, retardation, radiation leakage, substrate-assisted hybridization, material dispersion and fabrication disorder can reshape the optical modes that are interpreted as topological. In this Perspective, I argue that nonlocality should be treated as a design parameter rather than as a residual perturbation. This shift requires moving from ideal phase labels toward calibrated interaction models, finite-structure observables, robustness maps and graded confidence measures. I discuss how full-wave simulations, experiments and physics-informed learning can connect geometric design variables to effective electromagnetic interaction networks. Such calibrated workflows can clarify when a topological design rule is reliable, when it fails, and how nonlocal coupling can be exploited for robust nanophotonic devices.