Real-time ESR tracking for sub-micron 3D magnetic mapping with VB- quantum sensors in hexagonal boron nitride

Abstract

The discovery of spin-dependent luminescent properties of negatively charged boron-vacancy centers ($V_B^{-}$) in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) enabled a new platform for quantum sensing with van der Waals materials. Particularly, the possibility of performing optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) for determining the electron spin resonance (ESR) frequencies of hBN color centers became a strong tool for quantum sensing of magnetic fields with submicrometric resolution. However, due to low ODMR contrast, current techniques proposed for mapping DC magnetic fields require hours of integration to obtain a magnetic image of a micron-sized region. In this work, we report the implementation of a frequency-tracking approach for real-time monitoring of ESR frequencies of localized $V_B^{-}$ centers in hBN. With this technique, magnetic field monitoring was used to map the field pattern generated by a micron-sized conical magnetic tip in only a few minutes. By controlling the magnetic sample's position relative to the quantum sensor, three-dimensional magnetic mapping of the field was achieved with diffraction-limited resolution and shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 54 $\mu$T$/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$. Magnetic field gradients of 3.6 $\pm$ 0.2 $\mu$T/nm were measured with our system, in which a maximum detected field rate of 6 mT/s was achieved. The results of this study establish spin resonance frequency-tracking as a viable technique and fast method for minute-scale magnetic imaging, reducing acquisition times by at least one order of magnitude if compared to conventional techniques.