JW-FD: A Long Horizon Multimodal Solar Flare Forecasting Dataset

Abstract

Solar flares drive severe space weather hazards, and forecasting their occurrence remains a central challenge for both heliophysics and operational space weather services. Data driven methods require long horizon datasets in which images, magnetic features, and flare labels are coregistered in space and time. We present JW-FD (JW-Flare Dataset), a 15 year multimodal release spanning 1 January 2011 through 31 December 2025, constructed from SDO/HMI line of sight magnetograms, NOAA Solar Region Summary reports, and NOAA X-ray flare event lists. The dataset comprises 3,064 independent active regions and 1,991,247 coregistered magnetogram crops, together with FITS, PNG, CSV, and MP4 modalities. Each sample provides 29 magnetic features linked to configurable flare labels under a strict pre-eruption window spanning seven forecast horizons and four GOES intensity thresholds. An 8:1:1 split at the active region level is adopted to prevent temporal leakage between partitions. PNG branches are released at six magnetic saturation thresholds, and internal Transformer experiments on >=C1.0 forecasting suggest Bth=1000 G as a preliminary default, although the optimal saturation is model and task dependent. The open source construction pipeline is available at https://github.com/Xiaoxuan-1/JW-FD.

10 pages,3 figures