Bifurcation and Hysteresis in Vacuum Diodes

Abstract

For electrons with nonzero initial velocity $u_0\ne 0$ in vacuum, the space-charge-limited current density (SCLCD) is given by $J_{Jaff\acute{e}}$. For current densities $J>J_{Jaff\acute{e}}$, electron reflections occur along with virtual cathode (VC) oscillations. Past studies have exhibited hysteresis by sustaining these oscillations until $J=J_{hys}$, often claiming $J_{hys}\approx J_{LD}<J_{Jaff\acute{e}}$, where $J_{LD}$, also called the bifurcation solution, represents the steady-state current density where the electron velocity is zero at the VC. In this study, we demonstrate that $J_{LD}$ is not a valid steady-state solution since it represents a higher charge density than $J_{Jaff\acute{e}}$, the true SCLCD. We further demonstrate that $J_{Jaff\acute{e}}$ also corresponds to the true, mathematical bifurcation solution. Using particle-in-cell simulations across various gap distances and voltages, we demonstrate that $J_{hys}$ consistently differs from $J_{LD}$ and can be represented by a simple semi-empirical relationship as a function of $J_{Jaff\acute{e}}/J_{CL}$, where $J_{CL}$ is the SCLCD in vacuum for $u_0=0$.