Optimized EIT-Based Multi-Target CNOT^k Gates in Heteronuclear Rydberg Atom Arrays

Abstract

Efficient stabilizer readout requiring multi-qubit coupling is a core bottleneck for quantum error correction. One feasible method is direct implementation of the controlled-U gate between one ancilla qubit and the data qubits assigned to stabilizer U measurements. We systematically analyze the native multi-target ${\mathrm{C}}^1{\mathrm{NOT}}^k$ gates proposed by Müller et al., which is realized via electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Rydberg blockade mechanisms. Using a microscopic open-system model, we analyze the gate's scaling with target number k and identify spontaneous emission, Doppler dephasing, target atom inter-coupling, and technical noise as major error contributions. We further optimize the protocol combining two-photon STIRAP control, heteronuclear interaction engineering, and waveform optimization. Our optimized heteronuclear protocol reaches fidelities of 98.03% (${\mathrm{C}}^1{\mathrm{NOT}}^1$) and 96.54% (${\mathrm{C}}^1{\mathrm{NOT}}^4$), in the presence of all primary noise sources and realistic experimental parameters. These results demonstrate that EIT-based multi-target gates serve as a practical building block for low-depth stabilizer readout.

18 pages, 6 figures