Zero-Sum Cycles in Regular Digraphs

Abstract

Let $\Gamma$ be a finite group of order $k\ge 2$, and label the edges of a simple loopless $d$-regular digraph $D$ by elements of $\Gamma$. A directed cycle is zero-sum if the ordered product of its labels is the identity of $\Gamma$. We prove that a zero-sum cycle exists whenever $d\ge e^3(k-1)$. We also prove that every labelled $d$-regular digraph contains $\Omega (d/k)$ pairwise vertex-disjoint zero-sum cycles. When $d\ge 50k$, it contains $\Omega (d^2/k)$ pairwise edge-disjoint zero-sum cycles. All three results are asymptotically optimal. The existence and packing results extend to Eulerian digraphs whose minimum and maximum common degrees $\delta$ and $\Delta$ satisfy ${\delta }^3/{\Delta }^2=\Omega (k)$. The techniques extend a determinant--permanent argument of Friedland for even directed cycles.