Entanglement Negativity in Noisy Quantum Volume Sampling

Abstract

The Quantum Volume protocol uses scrambling random circuits to benchmark NISQ computers. Quantum Volume is generally well-regarded as a benchmark for small, noisy, quantum computers because it requires the quantum computer to implement many non-local entangling gates within a square-shaped circuit, which incentivizes high qubit count, long qubit coherence times, and low error rates on all hardware gates. Quantum Volume circuits inherently produce high-entanglement states that are fragile to errors and decoherence. The Quantum Volume benchmark measures an observable called heavy-output-probability (HOP), where an HOP of $0.5$ corresponds to complete loss of coherence, and in the limit of system size an HOP $\approx 0.84$ for a fully coherent quantum processor. Here, we numerically study the tradeoff between depolarizing noise, entanglement as quantified by the bipartite negativity measure, and HOP in quantum volume circuits. Our results contextualize prior small scale quantum volume demonstrations on quantum computers and highlight that under depolarizing noise, due to finite system size effects heavy output probabilities can be greater than $0.5$ while the bipartite negativity entanglement has been destroyed. This implies, although improbable, that a NISQ computer could pass the Quantum Volume benchmark test threshold of $2/3$ while the underlying quantum computation has no global entanglement -- albeit only for small $n$.