Two-Stage Deformable-Convolutional Inverse Design of Nanophotonic Absorbers from Optical Spectra

Abstract

Data-driven inverse design enables efficient generation of nanophotonic structures with prescribed optical responses, but spectrum-to-geometry mapping remains challenging due to non-uniqueness and fine geometric features. This work presents a two-stage deformable-convolutional framework for reconstructing metal--insulator--metal resonator geometries from 80-dimensional absorption spectra. The spectrum is projected to a $150\times 4\times 4$ latent representation and decoded into a $64\times 64$ resonator mask. Training combines supervised reconstruction with least-squares adversarial refinement initialized from the best supervised checkpoint. A three-run ablation compares deformable convolution with plain convolution, involution, Dynamic Conv, and ODConv under the same architecture. The proposed model achieves $20.79\pm 0.31$~dB PSNR and $0.8501\pm 0.0082$ SSIM, improving over plain convolution by 2.16~dB and 0.0831, respectively. It further achieves Dice $0.9623\pm 0.0027$, IoU $0.9342\pm 0.0038$, and boundary F-score $0.9550\pm 0.0027$. Spectral consistency evaluated using a frozen forward surrogate yields RMSE $0.0805\pm 0.0013$ and $R^2=0.7923\pm 0.0065$. Learned offsets show stronger adaptive sampling at coarse and intermediate decoder stages. Overall, deformable sampling with supervised initialization and adversarial refinement improves spectrum-conditioned geometry reconstruction.