Hankel Transform and $(\alpha ,\beta )$ Somos-4 Sequences

Abstract

An $(\alpha ,\beta )$ Somos-$4$ sequence $S_n$ is defined by the recurrence $S_n{S}_{n-4}=\alpha S_{n-1}{S}_{n-3}+\beta S_{n-2}^2$ ($n\ge 4$), with suitable initial values, where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are constant parameters. A widely studied question is the following: When does the Hankel transform of a generating function become an $(\alpha ,\beta )$ Somos-4 sequence? In particular, how can $\alpha$ and $\beta$ be derived for such a function? A sufficient condition for this problem has been established by Wang and Zhang. In this paper, we obtain the following three main results. (i): We extend the Wang--Zhang sufficient condition by working over the rational function field. Then we combine this result with the Sulanke--Xin quadratic transformation to resolve all of Barry's currently unsolved $(\alpha ,\beta )$ Somos-4 conjectures, which arise in diverse contexts, including generalized Catalan recurrences, Riordan arrays, generalized Bernstein arrays, and elliptic curves. (ii): We show that the odd and even subsequences of an $(\alpha ,\beta )$ Somos-4 sequence are again $(\alpha ,\beta )$ Somos-4 sequences with transformed parameters. This is employed to establish Barry's Hurwitz transform conjecture. (iii): Using the theory of orthogonal polynomials, we prove a Hankel determinant formula and thereby prove a conjecture related to the $(\alpha ,\beta )$ Somos-4 sequence. In addition, we prove some conjectures on formulas for periodic Hankel determinants.

56 pages